JF Ptak Science Books – A Daily History of Holes, Dots, Lines, Science, History, Math, Physics, Art, the Unintentional Absurd, Architecture, Maps, Data Visualization, Blank and Missing Things, and so on. |1.6 million words, 7500 images, 4.9 million hits| Press & appearances in The Times, Le Figaro, Mensa, The Economist, The Guardian, Discovery News, Slate, Le Monde, Sci American Blogs, Le Pont, and many other places… 5000+ total posts since 2008.

History of the Future: Radio in the Classroom, 1945

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KDKA in Pittsburgh
was one of the first radio stations to broadcast in the USA in 1920—two
years later found another 500 licensed stations. By the time this pamphlet was
published nearly 95% of all homes in America were equipped with a radio,
the near high end of the Golden Era of the medium. (Perhaps there is no
greater, faster change in any sort of revolutionary change than there was from
radio to television. TV was basically an
insignificant spot on the radio horizon in 1945, and then in ten short years it
became radio’s great black sun, obliterating it as a competitor for
entertainment.) It is no wonder that radio was seen as a
potential colossus for an information delivery system, with schools making use
of whatever it was that they could squeeze from it.

This history of the future picture on the front
cover of this (1945) publication reminds me of the anxious moments in the opening
moments of 8^th grade when one of the teachers brought a television
to school (being in NYC) for us to watch the Mets in the 1969 World Series,
nearly 40 years ago next week. (There were series games played in sunlight
then.) Radio had great potential and
promise, and the kids crowded around this receiver/turntable tech center would’ve
been like kids 10 years ago crowding around a monitor to see their first
glimpses of the internet.

Radio didn’t make it.

There’s some interesting detail in this
photo. The programming on the blackboard
in the rear directed the children to classrooms for the different radio
lessons: “New Horizons”, “World of Wings”,
“Science at Work”. “By Freedom’s Light”, and a few others that I can’t make
out. All were CBS productions, which
evidently had nothing to do with the publisher of this pamphlet, Newsweek. The shows were being broadcast by WBEZ,
Chicago, which was actually a Chicago Public Schools station and intended for just
this purpose—real public broadcasting.

The girls in the front are looking at a user’s
guide for “CBS American School
of the Air”, which seems to have had some legs as an idea, or at least its
legacy looks really interesting. In the 1939/40 season of this “program” the
great music and sound geologist and proto-multiculturalist Alan Lomax¹ (1915-2002) wrote and directed “American Folk Songs”, “featuring Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, the Golden Gate Quartet,
Burl Ives, Aunt Molly Jackson, and field recordings of square dancing,
French-Canadian, and lumberjack songs”.
Which means I guess that school kids were being exposed to impressively different
sorts of American music that they probably would not have hears anywhere else
as incidental sound.

But as I said, radio was swept away by the great leavener of
television. It looks like Alan Lomax
never did do anything for the TV, and its educational aspect (so far as
school-use goes) never really did get off the ground. Overall, it seems to me that TV never did get as smart as radio.

Notes

1. It is interesting to note that because of Lomax’s one-world Lefty approach to the
appreciation of music–world music today, multiculturalism in another form—he came
to the squinty-eyed attention of the challenged J.Edgar Hoover, the FBI
managing to produce an 800-page file on the ethnomusicologist, all without a
single anti-American blot. Lomax’s total
body of work is astonishing, and we all owe the man a strong salute.

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An X-Ray of the Earth, 1756

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I’m not sure why there was so much included in this engraving that had
nothing to do with its subject matter.
The essential part of the image is the cross section at bottom: the image of landforms, created by the man
most responsible for the establishment of stratigraphy, the German
physician/chemist/mineralogist/geologist Johann Gottlieb Lehmann (1719-1767). What Lehmann accomplished was a sensational,
x-ray-like interpretation of the surface of the earth, a privileged vision
distant from the real birth of the science of geology in the work of James
Hutton more than 50 years later. (Hutton was about the first to treat the entire
corpus of the geology of the earth and which was also completely removed from myth
and fable. His work formed the basis for
that of Charles Lyell who in turn provided some of the intellectual basis for Charles
Darwin.) He seems to be the first to
create such a slice of the earth, illustrating an orderly, historical formation
of the various layers (and not an unrelated jumble), and the first steps
towards establishing the laws of formation of geological sequence.

Outside of the spectacular introduction to the workings of earth in this cross
section, I’m taken by the enormous sky, and the very lonely compass, placed,
seemingly haphazardly in a blank field, creating a very considerable blank space above the great discovery.
The scientific greatness of the images aside (can I even say such a
horrible thing?), the engraving looks to me like a modern surreal work.

Book Note: Lehmann, Johann. Versuch einer Geschichte von Flotz-Gebuergen,…1756, printed
in Berlin
. “This unpretending treatise must be
ranked as one of the classics of geological literature”—Archibald Geike

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Blank and Empty Things; A History of — Cross-Sections — Perception — Perspective
Straight Lines and Blank Space in Early Western Cartography

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Blank and Empty Series #53

It is sobering to look at the work of the early cartographers and see how much space in their maps they were willing to relinquish to the blank unknown. For example, Jacobus Ziegler, in his Quae intus continentur Syria,
Palestina, Arabia, Aegyptus, Schondia,
Holmiae, Regionem superiorem, singulae tabulae geographicae, published in 1532, was among the first to publish anything at all about Scandanavia and Greenland, wasted no effort in trying to add detail where there wasn’t any, a trait that was lost on many other cartographers and mapmakers in the centuries to follow. His book was mostly about travel in Palestine, but at the end of the book he deals with the new and problematic geographic areas, featuring them in his eighth map, announcing the contents as follows:

The western half of the map, featuring Sweden, Norway, Finland, Lapland and Greenland, is spectacular, and features an enormous, flat-detail, straight-edged Greenland as the bulky land mass in the west (“ulte Gron/rio/lan”, a terra incognita). The extremely angular Greenland coastline stands in sharp contrast to the lovely wavy ocean, the mapmaker unafraid to stake his claim in what he didn’t know.

The eastern half of the map, Scandanavia, is more recognizable (if you focus on Denmark and Germany in the south and then work your way north):

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Though the unencumbered line, far from the fractal nature of Mandelbrot’s coastline of Britain, appeared everywhere in the eight maps of Ziegler’s work, as we can see in this intestinal-appearing Dead Sea (below). The fact of the matter is that this was the state of the art in the first third of the 16th century, and there was in general not a great effort to embellish guesses and gloss over the areas where there was no information. Of course there was still mythical placements of beings and locales and willing things into existence (like Prester John, sea monsters, El Dorado, no-headed men of South America, Patagonian giants, monsters, and so on), but I still find it remarkable to see how much rigor was given known geographic detail.

The Nile too received this unrelenting treatment of calm appraisal:

I do admire this effort for not making things up, or covering areas for which there wasn’t good data with ephemeral and unnecessary features that would swallow up large swaths of white, empty space, as in this map of the lands eastern Syria:

Though there were still no problems including sea serpents, even so close to the Syrian coast:

On the whole though Ziegler’s stylized effort is quite beautiful and truthful, and I enjoy the depiction of the sea giving way to the chunky, rectangulariness of even such decently known forms such as Cyprus.

The bottom line here is that folks seeing this work for the first time in 1532 would have had a similar reaction to it as you had when you zoomed in on your house in Google Earth for the first time–it was an extraordinary display of information for the time.

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Blank and Empty Things; A History of — Maps, Cartography, History of Mapmaking — Perspective
Pig Iron vs. Eiffel Tower: Visualizing Difficult Numbers and Concepts

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Several years ago I wrote about some triumphantly unusual images (plus one on the 1891 10-ton Eiffel Tower bullet) of the Eiffel Tower–today I’d like to add another, a queer image which manages to loose the Eiffel Tower (and the Great Pyramid) in representations of pig iron production.

I love comparison like this (which appeared in the Illustrated London News for 1910), representing big, hard-to-associate numbers of something against another quantity that can be instantly understood–the relationship between the two might be tenuous and complex, but at least it can give you some sort of handle on what would normally be an inaccessible, stand-alone number. Plus, any time that you can show what an ungraspable concept might “look like” and be explainable to a 10-year-old, well, you’ve got something.

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Industrial & Technological art — Information, Quantitative Display of — Perception — Perspective
Fun in the 16th Century Bath: Minerals, Spirits, Frolic and Ennui

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There’s much real and important content in this woodcut, but I focused first
on the few semi-entertaining and problematic figures positioned at the corners
of this bath. First things first: it
appeared in Johann Jacob Huggelin’s Von
heilsamen Baederndes Teuschenlands…, published in Mullhausen in 1559, which
was a treatise on the mineral baths of Germany and their medicinal and
therapeutic claims. This woodcut occurs
in the title page—and as a matter of fact, the exact image appears three years
later in one of Paracelsus’ principal works, Baederbuchlin… published in Mullhausen, again, in 1562. (This is one of Paracelsus’ most well-known
efforts, and is seen as being one of the earliest works on hydrotherapy, but it
is definitely predated by Huggelin.)

There is a gauzy modesty to the bathers, the men wearing a skimpy Euro-covering (with a nice bow), and the women a flouncy covering that is pulled down under the breasts. The pair in the front look to be sharing a sponge, while another pair (towards the middle of the bath edges) are contemplating the landscape. One of the pair in the rear right corner is getting a nice scrubdown, while the most interesting-looking of the bath crew sits opposite, arms folded, looking sullen or filled with lost hope or just left out.

More fun and more unbalanced is this image from Lorenez Fries, Tractat der Wildbeder, printed in
Strassburg in 1519, where those taking the
baths for the medicinal spirits of the water to wash away their medicinal grit,
and gout and grimes tried to help the water with food and alcohol. There’s nothing wrong with that so far as I
know, and evidently there’s nothing written about despoiling the massaging/washing
powers of the bath in the Handy Handbook
of Balneological Rules and Regs. As in the first image, the bathers are
decently and modestly clad, only here they are enjoying fruits and meats, and have
a jester/fool entertaining them with a viol. I imagine that if you were gouty or had the flu, an hour or two in a bath filled with music and food and spirits wouldn’t do too much damage.

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Medicine, History of — Prints–looking HARD/deeply at
A Short Note on Forks and Art

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I was on my way to something else when I stopped to look at
this engraving by Ulrich Pinder, his last supper, the Speculum passionale, published in Nuremberg in 1507. It has a nice perspective, an interesting ceiling,
and a crowded table with very little on it in the way of food. And no forks.
Knives—yes of course—and big containers of some sort of liquid, but no
forks. As it turns out, the fork really
hadn’t made a strong appearance in northern Europe until the end of the
century, brought back evidently from travelers in Europe. The first appearance in a painting, in
another Last Supper, I believe, occurs at least by 1599.

I know, there’s no spoons either, but they had been around
for a long time, and just didn’t make an appearance on this table for reasons
unknown.

“I observed a custome in all those Italian Cities
and Townes through which I passed that is not used in any other country that I
saw in my travels, neither doe I think that any other nation of Christendome
doth use it, but only Italy. The Italian, and also most strangers that are
cormorant in Italy, does alwaies at their meales, use a little fork when they
cut the meate . . . their forkes being for the most part made of iron or steel,
and some of silver, but these are used only by gentlemen. The reason of this
their curiosity is because the Italian cannot endure by any means to have his
dish touched by fingers, seeing that all men’s fingers are not alike cleane.
Hereupon I myself thought to imitate the Italian fashion by this forke cutting
of meate, not only while I was in Italy,
but also in Germany, and
often-times in England
since I came home.”Thomas Coryate, Coryat’s Crudities (1611)
See:

Forbes, R. J. “Food and Drink,” Charles Singer,
et. al. eds. A History of Technology. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1956. Vol. II: The
Mediterranean Civilization and the Middle Ages, c. 700 B.C. to c. A.D. 1500: page 126.

Braudel, Fernand, Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th
Century, vol. 1: The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the
Possible, London:
Collins, 1981: page 209.

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Einstein as Subverting Flag-Burning Commie? What his FBI Files Look Like

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While looking at the FBI files for Leo Szilard, a great physicist who had liberal-left ideas about peace and strategy and the use of the atomic bomb (in June 1945), I stumbled onto the files for one of the people sought by the Bureau to talk about Szilard: Albert Einstein. He and Szilard went back a long way, and Szilard’s advanced physics supra-intelligence and illuminated social outlook was instantly recognizable to Einstein, making it easy for Einstein to give him an excellent recommendation. Which of course is something the FBI didn’t want to hear, as Szilard was mucking around in the national will to use the ultimate weapon, among other things.

I knew a little about the FBI’s interest in Einstein, but I had never actually looked at any of the declassified files, which as it turns out live at the FBI site, all 1600+ pages of them. Hoover had some sort of special need to fill with looking after Einstein, whose nearly 20-year-long file is just not pretty. The Director was sniffing around the edges of Einstein’s social life, trying to make them into centers to do god knows what with them. One of the files details the subversive organizations that Einstein was associated with–some of the hundreds and hundreds of groups that he lent his name to over the years.

Here’s some of those threatening organizations:

Not much to look at, really.

But it is this gentle, subtle, horrible document below that causes real grief, the “under investigation” part at the end is just heartbreaking, a Lilliputian effort to control forces beyond their comprehension. Such is the power of ignorance.

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The Importance of Bridges in the Invisible Evolution of Meat

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I wonder when it was that humans developed the extra senses that were able to “intuitively” determine (1) when
something is missing, and (1.5) when something is just wrong? I’m sure that these blood-bumpers were developed
soon after the recognition that the face in the primordial goo staring back at
its owner wasn’t something drowning.

This fast-forwards us through Wilberforces ultradense 6,000 years to the
near-present: when looking at the explosively chromaticized picture of the progress
of meat, brought to you by the invisible packing empire of Armour & Co. (of
Chicago, of course), one gets the ancient immediacy of something being missing
and just plain wrong.

The cows being herded from their pastures are being led to the Armour bridge
of Meat Evolution, where by some miracle the process of turning cows into
packaged goods—like Leda and the swan—takes place over the “A” in Armour, three-quarters
of the way over the bridge. This process
is wholesome in its invisibility, the walking product on the one side of the
bridge getting ready for transubstantiation for the nested humanity on the
other side.

The picture of the packer weighing the elements of the mysterious
gold-plated market rams this invisibility home as well: the “producer” and “consumer” columns behind
him are prettily illustrated with referential scenes, while the “packer” column
just gets a single slab of color. A
singularity of nothingness in regards to what goes on behind the packer’s head
is all the consumer would want, then and now, ‘cause certainly nobody wanted to
know what the hell was going on in the packer’s den to hasten the evolution of
cows from muddy hooves to the dinner table–especially in 1926, when this
pamphlet was printed. The vast
conspiracy of people not-wanting-to-know-what-happens-at-the-packing-house continues.

I can’t leave this short post without a nod to another extraordinary image
from the Armour pamphlet: the butcher
waving off the drover and his herd because of a glutted market. The “good old days” here doesn’t look very
much like the 1870’s to me: I can’t
recall a single drover/cowboy image in my very long experience that showed a cow
sniffing a fire hydrant. Plus everything
else in the picture is pure 1920’s, except for the drover, who—although wearing
skins in the city for some unknown reason—at least looks mostly like he should
and isn’t packing an endlessly bouncing-on-your-thigh revolver. Sorta.

The horse looks embarrassed and surprised at the same time. Is there an English word for that?

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Invisible Evolution of Meat, continued.

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Related Posts:

Meat “Packing” Industry, 1917:
“The String Department” and “Curled Hair Machines” at the
Meat Plant (here)

Spam, Smeat, Spic, Prem, Mor & Arf: Food
by Any Other Name (here)

Food, Food Packaging and Creating Desire: the
du Pont Company, WWII. (here)

I wrote yesterday (The Importance of Bridges in the Invisible Evolution of
Meat) about the invisible evolution of meat from range to plate, but mostly about
what happens in those big building with no windows. The wide solitary middle of this food chain
exists almost not at all in the popular mind, most folks choosing not to think
of the gruesome process of “processing” animals into the plastic-protected deli
selections.

The middle killing & etc. part has been generally very well hidden from
public view, at least for the 20^th century. For example, this 1949 ad from LIFE magazine
introduces the “Fall Pork Chop” with the evolution of meat summarized in those
three small pictures. The processing guy
is starched and white and pure standing there before the non-detailed,
smoothed-out carcasses. He even has a
little white cap. The interesting part
here is the Uncle Sam delivering the boxed final product. Uncle Sam?
How did he get into the picture?
He certainly sanitizes the whole procedure, what with the imprimatur of
the U.S.
government and all, and even suggests a slightly patriotic aspect to the food
chain. The odd thing here though is the blood-red background color, which was a
common practice for selling dead flesh in LIFE for many years.

The middle killing and scooping part of this is basically nothing that would
ever be broadcast on television, and certainly it is nothing that parents would
want their kids to see. Don’t people
turn in horror and disgust when those undercover videos of processing
plant practices make it to youtube? So if these images are too fabulously
gruesome for children (and adults) to watch, why take a benefit from them? I’d say that if the process of producing your
benefit is too horrible to watch you
shouldn’t be able to enjoy the outcome.

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Advanced Weirdness Department: Wincingly Dated Underwear Stares

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This Carter’s underwear ad from LIFE magazine (1950) makes a weird pronouncement—it
is behavior and body language that was evidently entirely appropriate for the time, that there
was nothing amiss or untoward or askance or unusual in the position or the
glances of the two models. Now, today,
the whole scene is at least unsettling, squirmy.

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Bad Ideas — Prints–looking HARD/deeply at
A Rare Map of the Soviet Gulags, 1936.

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Adolf Ehrt (1902-1973) was a twice-born Nazi who in 1935 let
his 3-year membership in the party lapse so that he could do better work for
Hitler from the “outside”. In short, and
to skirt some very interesting detail (over which I really don’t have much
expertise), Ehrt felt that there was too much influence from the Church and government
sources to fuel his unrequited need for purity in the party.

Ehrt wrote this anti-Communist propaganda (Der Weltbolschewismus ein internationales
Gemeinschaftswerk über die bolschewistische Wühlarbeit und die Umsturtzversuche
der Komitern in allen Ländern) from an imaginary perch in something called
the Anti-Kominetern, but was really nothing more than an arm of the Nazi party. Appearing in Leipzig
in 1936, this book savaged communism, communists and the Soviet
Union to no end. I own it
because it is an interesting document and speaks to its period, and also has
hundreds of unusual photos, giving it a documentary appeal. What I noticed just recently though was a map
on part of page 481 in the weirdly skimpy section on the Soviet Union—a reproduction
of a French map showing the distribution of concentration camps in the USSR. I cannot remember seeing such a map in
English during this time period.

(Clickable/expandable image)

Ehrt was a Nazi painting with broad historical/Nazi strokes
across a Communist canvas, and did get a lot of stuff right in his attacks; but
considering the source his book is useless except for its pictures. The USSR was a wicked place to be at this time; the
bestial Joseph Stalin busy killing hundreds of thousands, imprisoning more—but
this was in general not the story reaching folks in the United States.
That this French map (source not given) showed two dozen or so concentration
camps (Gulags, work camps) is remarkable; and of course it is just the tip of
the Gulag system iceberg. It was at
least a start. It was also just the beginning of a particularly nasty period
for the Russian people, who staggered under the weight of an edict called Article
58¹ that sent millions of people to their doom.
This map was also published just before the Great Terror², a
spectacularly bad war of internal doom that tore millions from their homes and
hundreds of thousands from the
earth.

The map, rare as it is in appearance and sentiment,
seriously underestimated the extent of the barbaric Soviet existence of the
time.

1. “One can find more epithets in praise of this
article than Turgenev once
assembled to praise the Russian language,
or Nekrasov to
praise Mother Russia: great, powerful, abundant, highly ramified, multiform,
wide sweeping 58, which summed up the world not so much through the exact terms
of its sections as in their extended diacritical interpretation. Who among us has not experienced its
all-encompassing embrace? In all Truth, there is no step, thought, action, or
lack of action under the heavens which could not be punished by the heavy hand
of Article 58” Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
The Gulag Archipelago See “Article 58″ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_58

2. NKVD Order no. 00447, 1937, directed against
“ex-kulaks”
and other “anti-Soviet elements” (such as former officials of the Tsarist regime,
former members of political parties other than the communist party, etc.) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge Generally, any unfriendly could be uprooted and shot or sent off to Siberia. . The operative made it easy for local justice
units to identify trouble makers and shoot them.

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