A Daily History of Holes, Dots, Lines, Science, History, Math, Physics, Art, the Unintentional Absurd, Architecture, Maps, Data Visualization, Blank and Missing Things, and so on. |1.6 million words, 7500 images, 4.9 million hits| Press & appearances in The Times, Le Figaro, Mensa, The Economist, The Guardian, Discovery News, Slate, Le Monde, Sci American Blogs, Le Pont, and many other places… 5000+ total posts since 2008.

  • Strange Things in the Sky Department

    JF Ptak Science Books    Strange Things in the Sky Department  

    In the 30 or so posts I’ve made in this department I have yet to deal with anything having to deal with birds. This is understandable since they’re the ones who have been up in the air for 200+ million years (or at least late Jurassic), while humans have been in the air for only about .0001% of that time in our controlled falling.  

    Feathers detail

    [Source: Allan Hume, Stray Feathers, a Journal of Ornithology for India.…1879, American Museum of Natural History, here.]

    But it still struck me as odd, these feathers in the air, and very uncommon to my decades+ experience of Looking At Pictures. They are simply a gilt-stamped decoration in a book cover, a piece of arresting design, for an ornithological journal (see below)–still, it is an unusual image, in-context or not. 

    I imagine that if you were resting on this little body of water from the journal cover and one of those feathers happened to fall on you that it would be quite the experience.  But there was a time when receiving a feather meant something far worse than an unusual natural history experience. That was the other thing about this unusual book cover decoration–it reminded me of a piece I read a few years ago (found again!) by Francis Beckett of The Guardian who tells a very difficult story about his grandfather receiving a white feather from a complete stranger on the street during WWI.  The brief story here is that his grandfather tried to enlist in 1914 but was not accepted because of poor eyesight and also being the father of three girls; but, while out and about in 1916 he was handed a white feather from a woman on the street, a complete stranger–that feather at the time being a symbol for cowardice.  Evidently the grandfather went the next day to enlist, and after millions of deaths the eyesight/children issue two years earlier was no longer an issue–he was accepted,  and fought for two years before being killed in 1918.  Beckett’s grandmother held the white feather woman responsible for her husband’s death.  

    The feather has meant many things to many cultures for thousands of years, and nearly all of it was good:  ascension, lightness of being, virtue, glory, flight, and so on, mostly having to do with cosmic connectivity.  On the other hand using the white feather for taking flight from duty and cowardice was a devastating thing.  

    And the full image:

    Feathers

    [Source: Allan Hume, Stray Feathers, a Journal of Ornithology for India.…1879, American Museum of Natural History, here.]

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  • The Rolling Houses and Glass Homes of Futurlandia

     

    JF Ptak Science Books   [Part of a series on the History of the Future]

    The rolling house of the future (offered in the September, 1934 issue of Everyday Science and Mechanics) promised at least one thing–the ability to be towed by a tractor.  (And seeing that the thing is being pulled along by chains, let’s make sure that there’s no downhill towing, yes?)

    Rolling_house_large

    [Image source originally located via  Retronaut though now I cannot find the correct links for them. Sorry!]

    The spherical houses seemed to come with their own railroad tracks for easier motion–a continuously self-laying track, which would make the new American suburbs a Suburbia Mobilia.  Cheap cars, cheap houses, and a Great Depression might have made for a picture of the future that was very self-sustaining.  On the other hand, the one thing that would not have been in the gunsights of the American manufacturing center is the size of the houses, which seem to me to be on the order of 500 square feet or so, which does not make for a lot of room to store all of the consumables that were waiting just around the next decade or so, waiting for the first real generation with a large amount of disposable income to loosen on all manner of never-to-be-purchased-before-by-the-working-classes consumers.  In this respect I am sure that these small buckets for human life would seem unacceptable, leaving little room for purchases. 

    ++00++ 9.25 ochiltree, texas

    It does remind me of wholesale town-moving, but from the past–real-life stuff, things that happened.  Like here, for example, in  Ochiltree, Texas, 20 October 1920.  This was a rare occurrence–to move a town–though it is hardly unique, particularly if moving the town closer to a railroad line that had decided to pass it by meant the difference between life and death of the town, then, well I guess you moved the town if you could.  Cemeteries included, sometimes; and sometimes not.

    A memory of another image of a futuristic future house of the future pulled my recent memory to a volume of Popular Mechanics for 1931, the August issue, featuring a “Home of the Future” speculation–this one was also small, but far less mobile, being constructed of metal and glass; and from what I can see, the common home’s exterior walls were mostly glass.

    Future house514

    It looks like a small place–I’m not sure that the car would actually fit in the glass garage.  And it doesn’t look all that comfortable, either, especially in regard to having no walls for bookcases.  (A wall of shelving for a collection of Kindles?)  There *is* a “skylight over the”library”, but it looks like the library isn’t more than a half case of books.  But perhaps in the future we are all entering a world where something is whatever we call it.  Oh, yes, I think that part of the future has already arrived in 2012, and I doubt seriously that the folks writing this article for a popular audience had anything more than a droll popularity in mind in their authorship.  In any event, this future house wasn’t mobile, was small, and looked pretty uncomfortable. And I also bet that the roof gave them problems up there in Futurlandia. 

     
  • Another Episode in Our Bulbous Future (1931)

    JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post    

    I’ve written several posts here on the great science fiction/speculative science illustrator Frank R. Paul, and I am returning to him now with this glorious image of spaceflight commercial services. It appears in Everyday Science and Mechanics, published in November 1931 (volume 2/12), and the great Bulbosity is featured splashily on the cover. The airship was supposed to get its passengers 628 miles into space to complete a one-hour arc from Berlin to New York City, and the image shows us the end of a flight,  the craft slowing above the bay, just south of Manhattan and Brooklyn and north of Staten Island:

     

    Everyday Science_and_Mechanics_Nov_1931_cover bulbous

    Image source: Wiki Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Science_and_Mechanics_Nov_1931_cover.jpg

    Text: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Science_and_Mechanics_Nov_1931_pg648.jpg

    And the cross section of the journey:

    Everyday Science_and_Mechanics_Nov_1931_text

    Hugo Gernsback–the author, editor, creator, publisher, and major force in the history of science fiction–wrote the article, and although many problems associated with space flight had already been at least semi-solved, there was still a big hurdle to go: fuel.  Yes, and the engines that the fuel would power.  There are no specs for the ship, but offhand –judging the portholes to accompany a seat–I’d guess that the ship was at least 200′ long and 80′, and was getting into orbit under its own power. And by the looks of things, there wasn’t much space for the engines that would do that. It seems that Mr. Gernsback was confident that the problem would be solved by 1946.  I know that the facts and figures don’t have much to do with the actual vision, because those are the things that could get in the way of visionary thinking, sometimes. Seems that here there would be no real encumbrances like that here to get in the way of this lovely idea.   

  • The Beauty of Public Restrooms (1908)

    JF Ptak Science Books  Quick Post    

    The pamphlet’s title was both pre-forgettable and irresistible: “Public Comfort Stations for Saint Louis”. It was published in 1908 in plain vanilla wrappers by the Civic League of St. Louis, though the title has little cadence and does not lend itself to poetry (not many good words rhyme with “ouis”) and is way too rich in blocky syllables for haiku. The pleasant surprise in this little package were the unexpected photographs and plans of Worldwide Restrooms, which for reasons that require no explanation I decided to reproduce below. 

    Comfort stations _2_

     

    Comfort stations _3_

     

    Comfort station _5_

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  • Oddly Adjectival Color Plumpness, continued (1938)

    JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post    Part of the Series on Color, Its Uses and Abuses

    I’ve written a number of times on what seems to be “extreme” color in the 1930’s  (as in “Oddly Adjectival Opposites: Color Plumpness and Color-in-Black-and-White, 1941” https://historyofideasblog.com/books/2011/02/odd.html) and come to it again today via the weirdly sublime color contrasts of rugs and floor coverings offered in the Bird Rug Catalog for 1938. I’ve thought about and seen so many of these images in luscious grays and stark blacks that it is difficult to think of these same images in gigantic color. It is just hard to picture Mr. Bogart’s eyes and his accusing/weary glance being framed by that blue chair and all of the colors bombarding it. There should I guess be a diacritical of some sort to attach to the vocabulary of colors to express “surprise”, as I could surely employ it in describing that blue linoleum floor:

    Bird catalog _7_

    Deep closeup of flooring:

    Bird catalog _10 detail_

     

    Flooring details

    Bird catalog _9_

  • The Shock of (Color) Recognition (1939)

    JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post

    Continuing a post from earlier today on the idea of applying a diacritical to an adjective expressing surprise (!) in the recognition of a color I share the following series of images appearing in the 1939 edition of Armstrong Cork Company’s Beauty Hints for the Home Decorator. Now, somewhere in there should be an exclamation point or two, liberally applied sentence enhancers. And that’s what I looked for, my little box of exclamation points (absent the non-existent diacriticals) when I saw photos of these spectacular rooms of distinction in the Armstrong catalog.  As I’ve written earlier, the colors (!) were quite a surprise, like seeing painted Roman statuary. For example, there is this magnificent (?) bedroom, with two twin beds, tall skinny chairs next to a tall skinny fireplace, and then those colors:

    Armstrong _3_

     

     

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  • When Did the Term “Computer Science” First Appear?

    JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post

    Some time ago I wrote a post on the origins of some scientific words, just to see how long they have been around–some are well-known in their newness (like “scientist” coming along in 1834, 1  anonymously referenced in the Quarterly Review, volume 51, page 59), others not so.

    Babbage eyes

    And so when an interesting word relating to artificial intelligence appeared I wondered when AI itself did (J. McCarthy 1955 and then Marvin Minsky 1956)…which led to the question of how old the term “computer science” is, and so on. Not wanting to spend more than a half hour on this I decided to establish the Oxford English Dictionary as the baseline for earliness in the first (or at least very early) appearances in English of these words and let it go at that. So here’s the list, a quick shake-and-bake on the early origins of some standard and not-so-standard words in computer science.

    A footnote here is that 10 of the 38 words here appear during the life of Charles Babbage (whose eye are posted above). 

    Notes:

    1.  The word is provided to us in the text of an article on Mary Somerville by William Whewell who references the word “scientist” coming from “a gentleman” who was  I guess himself; he uses the word under his own name in 1840.

      • Computer Science. 1956   N.Y. Times 28 Oct. iii. 21 (advt.)    “Unparalleled opportunities to associate with the prominent pioneers of computer science, at outstanding salaries. Electronic engineers (circuit designers and magnetics engineers), logical designers, [etc.].”

      • Computer programming: 1952   Proc. ACM National Meeting (Toronto) 20/1   “In fact three principles should apply to computer programming and operation in general, and not just to code checking.” This was followed by “computer programmer” after three years.  

    • And so:
      • computationalism, n.1979

      • computationalist, n….1956

      • computatist, n.1611

      • computative, adj.a1538

      • computator, n.1591

      • compute, n.1483

      • compute, v.1579

      • computed, adj.1680

  • The Burning of the Books, May 1933

    JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post

    The infamous book burnings as we knew them started in their earnest wickedness on German university grounds and city squares on May 10, 1933.  The attempt in destroying intellectualism, history, science, philosophy, beauty, and many other aspects of culture was to protect Germany from past and present destroyers of Teutonic legacy and anything that threatened Hitler’s brand-new German reich. So to that end the Nazis in control thought the best way to approach works like these was to burn it all.  

    In this editorial cartoon drawn by Georges Schreiber the Nazis are portrayed in a bestial, devilish,  and accurate light. The image appeared in The Nation (volume 136 no. 3541) on May 17, 1933, and as we can see a zombie-ish Hitler is seen in the upper left, with an aged Paul von Hindenburg to his right. The flames are built on a pile of some of the damned books, featuring Einstein front and center (as the representative of the “degenerate Jewish science”), surrounded by works id Remarque, Ludwig, Heine x2, Mendelssohn, Spinoza, London, and others:

    Burning books

    For an  example of the targeted books have a look at the following  list (from Wolfgang Herman’s “Prinzipelles zur Säuberung der öffentlichen Bücherein,”  Börsenblatt für den deutschen Büchhandel 100 (5/16/1933):, 356-358 [Principles for the Cleansing of Public Libraries] was for the use of librarians in keeping their collections free from various types of art/science/tech/literature/art/music, and needless to say anything that was written by a Jewish author):

     

    “1. The works of traitors, emigrants and authors from foreign countries who believe they can attack and denigrate the new German (H.G. Wells, Rolland) ; 2. The literature of Marxism, Communism and Bolshevism. 3. Pacifist literature. 4. Literature with liberal, democratic tendencies and attitudes, and writing supporting the Weimar Republic (Rathenau, Heinrich Mann); 5. All historical writings whose purpose is to denigrate the origin, the spirit and the culture of the German Volk, or to dissolve the racial and structural order of the Volk, or that denies the force and importance of leading historical figures in favor of egalitarianism and the masses, and which seeks to drag them through the mud (Emil Ludwig); 6. Writings of a philosophical and social nature whose content deals with the false scientific enlightenment of primitive Darwinism and Monism (Haeckel); 7. Books that advocate “art” which is decadent, bloodless, or purely constructivist (Grosz, Dix, Bauhaus, Mendelsohn); 8. Writings on sexuality and sexual education which serve the egocentric pleasure of the individual and thus, completely destroy the principles of race and Volk (Hirschfeld); 9. The decadent, destructive and Volk-damaging writings of “Asphalt and Civilization” literati! (Graf, H. Mann, Stefan Zweig, Wassermann, Franz Blei). [transl. note: a derogatory term for writers dealing with upper middle class urban society]; 10. Literature by Jewish authors, regardless of the field; 11. Popular entertainment literature that depicts life and life’s goals in a superficial, unrealistic and sickly sweet manner, based on a bourgeois or upper class view of life.”

    • [Source: When Books Were Burned, University of Arizona Library, for the source and for the translation:   http://www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/documents.htm#guidelines ]

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  • Very Early Projection of “Moving Pictures” (1883)

    JF Ptak Science Books   Quick Post

    I’ve written a number of times on this blog about the move from the static to the dynamic image and the early history of cinema. And so it came to me today by accident that I found this article in Nature reporting on the optical work of Gaston Tissandier who many people will remember more for his early aviation exploits than for his work in optics. Nature shares a post made in La Nature about his projecting praxinoscope (defined below1 from the Oxford English Dictionary)–and as it turns out, the Tissandier paper is a very early published use of “praxinoscope” with this very article referenced in the OED.  The baseline here: the demonstration image is just very neat. 

    The text of the article from Nature, (November 16, 1882), a short work on the earliest stages of cinema and “moving pictures”:

    “THE PROJECTION PRAXINOSCOPE”

    “M. GASTON TISSANDIER describes in La Nature an ingenious adaptation of the praxinoscope under the above name by means of which the images are projected on a screen and are visible to a large assembly. Our engraving will give an idea of the arrangement and the effect produced. By a modification of the lampp scope M Reynaud the inventor obtains by means of the ordinary lamp at once the projection of the scene or background by the object glass which is seen at the side of the lantern and of the subject by another object lass which is shown in front of and a little above the same lantern. For this the positions or phases which form a subject are drawn and coloured on glass and are connected in a continuous band by means of any suitable material. One of these flexible bands is placed in the wide crown of the praxinoscope which is pierced with openings corresponding to the phases of the subject.”

    Praxinoscope 1882

    “To understand the course of the luminous rays which go to form the image it is necessary to bear in mind the condensing lens which placed near the flame of the lamp is not visible in the figure then a plane mirror 45 degrees which reflects the rays and causes them to the figures filling the openings of the crown. These rays reflected once more by the facets of the prism of mirror finally enter tie object glass which transforms the vertical central image into a real image magnified on screen. In making the two parts of the apparatus converge slightly the animated subject is brought into the middle of the background where it then appears to gambol. A hand lever on the foot of the instrument allows a moderate and regular rotation to be communicated. This apparatus with an ordinary moderator lamp supplies well lighted pictures and curious effects It enables us to obtain with the greatest ease animated projections without requiring any special source of light by simply utilising the lamp in daily use.”

    Notes:

    1. From the OED:

    “Praxinoscope: A toy resembling a zoetrope, in which a series of figures representing successive positions of a moving object are arranged on the inner surface of a broad, shallow, cylindrical or polygonal drum which is open at the top and has in the middle a corresponding series of mirrors in which the figures are reflected, so that when the drum is rapidly rotated, the persistence of the successive visual images produces the impression of actual motion.

    • 1878   C. E. Reynaud Brit. Patent 4244/1877 1   An Improved Apparatus for the Production of Optical Illusions called the ‘Praxinoscope’… The object of this Invention is to produce the illusion of motion by means of Drawings representing the successive phases of an action.
    • 1882   Nature 16 Nov. 60/2   M. Gaston Tissandier describes in La Nature an ingenious adaptation of the praxinoscope,..by means of which the images are projected on a screen, and are visible to a large assembly.

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  • Quantum Mechanics Bibliographic Timeline–the El’yashevich List

    This is a handy and interesting timeline of QM placed in chronological order from the article by M A El’yashevich  ( “From the origin of quantum concepts to the establishment of quantum mechanics”, by M A El’yashevich, in Soviet Physics USPEKHI, 1977, 20 (8), 656–682.). I did not compose this nor did I add to it in any way—this is the sole effort of Prof. El’yashevich. I did make some slight compositional changes to make the list a little more accessible and usable to people like me, and condensed the list to only 1950 (whereas in the original the entries extend into the 1970’s), and made so that each entry is limited to a line or two;  but that’s it.

    I guess it would be easy to start the list with Planck if you wanted to give it a firm footing somewhere, though the history of quantum mechanics goes into development stages long before the 1900 Planck paper.  Be that as it may, this is just a quick exercise, and if an idea was formed or a lost memory found via a quick look at this list, then it is good enough for me.

    • M. Planck, Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge, Annalen der Physik, 1 (1900), 60–122,
    • Lord Rayleigh, Remarks upon the Law of Complete Radiation, Philosophical Magazine, 49 (1900), 539–540
    • M. Planck, Entropie und Temperatur strahlender Wärme, Annalen der Physik, 1 (1900), 719–737,
    • M. Planck, Über eine Verbesserung der Wienschen Spekralgleichung, Verb. Deutsch. Phys. Ges., 2 (1900), 202–204,

    • M. Planck, Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum ibid., 1900, 237–245, 251–257)
    • M. Planck, Über des Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Nor malspektrum, Annalen der Physik, 4 (1901), 553–563,
    • M. Planck, “Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge (Nachtrag)”, ibid., 6 (1901), 818–831,
    • H. A. Lorentz, On the Emission and Absorption by Metals of Rays of Heat of Great Wave-Lengths, Proc. Amsterdam Acad., 5 (1903), 666–685
    • J. H. Jeans, On the Partition of Energy between Matter and Aether, Philosophical Magazine, 10 (1905), 91–98
    • A. Einstein, Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, Annalen der Physik, 17 (1905), 132–148;
    • M. Planck, Vorlesungen Über die Theorie der Wännestrahlung, (Leipzig, Barth), 1906; (Leipzig, Barth, (2 Aufl.), 1913; (Leipzig, Barth, 3. Anfl.), 1919; (Leipzig, Barth, 4 Aufl.), 1921; 5 Aufl. (Leipzig, Barth), 1923;
    • P. Ehrenfest, Zur Planckschen Strahlungstheorie, Physikalische Zeitschrift, 7 (1906), 528–532,
    • A. Einstein, Die Plancksche Theorie der Strahlung und die Theorie der spezifischen Wärme, Annalen der Physik, 22 (1907), 180–190;
    • A. Einstein, Zum gegenwärtigen Stand des Strahlungsproblems, Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10 (1909), 185–193;
    • A. Einstein, “Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauengen Über des Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung”, ibid., (1909), 817–825;
    • A. E. Haas, Über die elektrodynamische Bedeutung des Planckschen Strahlungsgesetz und Über eine neue Bestimmung des elektrischen Elementarquantums und der Dimensionen des Wasserstoffatoms, Sitzungber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 2a, 119 (1910), 119–144
    • P. Debye, Der Warscheinlickeitsbegriff in der Theorie der Strahlung, Annalen der Physik, 33 (1910), 1427–1434
    • W. Nernst, Zur Theorie der spezifischen Wärme und Über die Anwendung der Lehre von den Energiequanten auf physikalisch-chemische Fragen überhaupt, Zs. Elektrochem., 17 (1911), 265–275
    • W. Nernst and F. Lindemann, “Spezifische Wärme und Quantentheorie”, ibid., 8 (1911), 17–827
    • M. Planck, Eine neue Strahlungshypothese, Verb. Deutsch. Phys. Ges., 13 (1911), 138–148
    • P. Ehrenfest, Welche Züge der Lichtquantenhypothese spielen in der Theorie der Wärme Strahlung eine wesentliche Rolle?, Annalen der Physik, 36 (1911), 91–118,
    • M. Planck, Die Gesetze der Wärmestrahlung und die Hypothese der elementaren Wirkungsquanten. Vortrag gehalten auf dem Solway-Kongress, Brüssel, 1911, 282–310)
    • A. Einstein, Zum gegenwärtigen Stand, des Problems der Spezifischen Wärme. Vortrag, gehlaten auf dem Solway-Kongress, Brüssel,
    • A. Einstein, Thermodynamische Bergründung des photochemisches Äquivalentgesetzes, Annalen der Physik, 37 (1912), 832–838;
    • Niels Bjerrum, Über die ultraroten Absorptionspektren der Gase, in: W. Nernst Festchrift, Halle, (1912), S. 90–98
    • W. Nicholson, The Constitution of the Solar Corona, II, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 72 (1912), 677–692
    • P. Debye, Zür Theorie der spezifischen Wännen, Annalen der Physik, 39 (1912), 789–839
    • M. Born and T. von Kármán, ÜberSchwingungen in Raungittern, Physikalische Zeitschrift, 13 (1912), 297–309
    • M. Born and T. von Kármán, “Zur Theorie der spezifischen Wärme”, ibid., 14 (1913), 15–19
    • N. Bohr, On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Philosophical Magazine, 26:part D, 1–25, 476–502, (part II), 856–875 (part III) (1913);
    • P. Ehrenfest, Bemerkung betreffs der spezifischen Wärme zweiatomiger Gase, Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, 15 (1913), 451–457
    • P. Ehrenfest, A. Mechanical Theorem of Baltzmann and Its Relation to the Theory of Energy Quanta, Proc. Amsterdam Acad., 16 (1914), 591–497,
    • N. Bohr, Om brintspektret, Fysisk Tidsskraft, 12 (1914), 97–114, (N. Bohr, Trudy 152–167)
    • M. Planck, Eine veränderte Formulierung der Quantenhypo-these, (Sitzungber. Akad. Wiss. Berl.), 1914, 918–923 ;
    • P. Ehrenfest, On Adiabatic Changes of a System in Connec tion with the Quantum Theory, Proc. Amsterdam Acad., 19 (1916), 576–597
    • A. Einstein, Strahlungs-Emission und-Absorption nach der Quantentheorie, Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, 18 (1916), 318–323;
    • A. Einstein, Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung, Mitt. d. Phys. Ges. Zürich, Nr., 18 (1916), 47–62;
    • N. Bohr, On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra, Kgl. dansk. vid. selskab. skr. IV, 1918–1922, 1–36, part D, 37–100 (part II) 101–118 (Part III); German translation in Über die Quantentheorie der Linienspektren, (Braunschweig), 1923
    • A. Sommerfeld, Atombau and Spektrallinien, 2. Aufl. (Braunschweig, Viewig), 1921, 1919; 3. Aufl., (1922); 4. Aufl., (1924);
    • N. Bohr, “Über die Serienspektra der Elemente”, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 2 (1920), 423–469; Über die Serienspektra der Elemente, I,
    • A. H. Compton, Secondary Radiations Produced by X-rays, Bull. Nat. Res. Council (pt. 2), 4:No. 20 (1922)
    • N. Bohr, Über die Anwendung der Quantentheorie auf den Atombau. I. Grundypostulate der Quantentheorie, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 13 (1923), 117–165;
    • A. H. Compton, A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements, Physical Review, 21 (1923), 483–502
    • P. Debye, Zerstreuung von Röntgenstrahlen und Quanten theorie, Physikalische Zeitschrift, 24 (1923), 161–166
    • P. Ehrenfest, Adiabatische Transformationen in der Quanten theorie und ihre Behandlung durch Niels Bohr, Naturwissen-schaften, 11 (1923), 543–550;
    • L. de Brogue, Ondes et quanta, Comptes Rendus…de l’Academies des Sciences, 177 (1923), 507–510;
    • L. de Broglie, “Quanta de lumière, diffraction et interférence”, ibid., (1923), 548–550; (Usp. Fiz. Nauk, 93 (1967), 182–183
    • L. de Brogue, “Les quanta, la théorie cinétique des gaz et le principe de Fernat”, ibid., (1923), 630–632;
    • L. de Broglie, A Tentative Theory of Light Quanta, Philosophical Magazine, 47 (1924), 446–458; translation in this issue, 562)
    • S. N. Bose, Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 26 (1924), 178–181 
    • A. Einstein, Quantentheorie des einatonigen idealen Gases, (Sitzungher. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.), 1924, 261–267 ;
    • L. de Brogue, Recherches sur la théorie de quanta. Thèse de doctoral, (Paris, Masson et Cie), 1924; (also in: Ann. de Phys., 3 (1925), 22–128,
    • A. Einstein, Quantentheorie des einatonigen idealen Gases, (Zweite Abbandbung, Sitzungber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.), 1925, 3–14 ;
    • W. Pauli, Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 31 (1925), 765–783; Trudy, I, 645–660)
    • N. Bohr, “Über die Wirkung von Atomen bei Stössen”, ibid., 34 (1925), 142–157
    • M. Born, Vorlesungen über Atommechanik, (Bd. 1, Springer, Berlin), 1925, 1934;
    • G. Uhlenbeck and S. Goudsmit, Ersetzung der Hypothese von unmechanischen Zwang durch eine Forderung bezügluch des inneren Verhaltens jedes ienzelnen Elektrons, Naturwissenschaften, 13 (1925), 953–954
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    • Lucy Mensing, “Zur Theorie des Zusammenstosses von Atomen mit langsamen Elektronen”, ibid., (1927 [Sep. 13]), 603–609
    • P. Jordan and O. Klein, Zum Mehrkörperproblem der Quan tentheorie, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 45 (1927 [Oct. 4]), 751–765
    • P. Jordan, “Über Wellen und Korpuskeln in der Quanten mechanik”, ibid., (1927 [Oct. 11]), 766–775
    • W. Heitler, “Störugsenergie und Austausch beim Mekrkör-perproblem”, ibid., 46 (1927 [Oct. 12]), 47–7
    • H. Weyl, “Quantenmechanik und Gruppentheorie”, ibid., (1927 [Oct. 13]), 1–46
    • C. C. Darwin, Free Motion in the Wave Mechanics, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 117 (1927 [Oct. 25]), 258–293
    • J. R. Oppenheimer, On the Quantum Theory of the Polarization of Impact Radiation, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 13 (1927 [Oct. 26]), 800–805
    • S. C. Wang, “The Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Hydrogen Molecule and of Helium in the New Quantum Mechanics”, ibid., (1927 [Nov. 7]), 798–800
    • E. Hulthén, Über nicht kombinierende Teilsysteme in den Bandonspektren. Zeitschrift fur Physik, 46 (1928), 349–353; [Nov., 9 (1927)
    • J. von Neumann, “Warscheinlichkeittheorietischen Aufbau der Quantenmechanik”, Gött. Nachr., (1927 [Nov. 11]), 245–272
    • J. von Neumann, “Thermodynamik quantenmechanischer Gesamtheiten”, ibid., (1927 [Nov. 11]), 273–291
    • A. Ruark, The Zeeman and Stark Effects of Hydrogen in Wave Mechanics. The Force Equation and the Virial Theorem in Wave Mechanics, Physical Review, 31 ([Dec. 4, 1927), 533–538
    • P. Jordan and W. Pauli, Zur Quantenelektrodynamik ladungs-freier Felder, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 47 (1928 [Dec. 7, 1927]), 151–173
    • R. Kronig, “Zur Deutung der Bandespektren”, ibid., 46 (1928 [Dec. 8, 1927]), 814–825
    • F. London, “Zur Quantentheorie der homöopolaren Valenz-zahlem”, ibid., (1928 [Dec. 9, 1927]), 455–477
    • L. Nordhe in, “Zur Theorie der thermischen Emission und der Reflexion von Elektronen an Metallen”, ibid., (1928 [Dec. 11, 1927]), 833–855
    • L. Mandelstam and M. Leontovich, “Zur Theorie der Schrödingerschen Gleichung”, ibid., 47 (1928), 131–136, [Dec. 15, 1927]
    • A. Sommerfeld, “Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle auf Grund der Fermischen Statistik. I, II”, ibid., (1928 [Dec. 17, 1927]), 1–32, 43–60
    • A. H. Wilson, The Ionized Hydrogen Molecule, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 118 (1928 [Dec. 19, 1927]), 635–647
    • F. Slack, Intensities in the Hydrogen Spectral Series, Physical Review, 31 (1928 [Dec. 20, 1927]), 526–532
    • J. von Neumann and E. Wigner, Zur Erklärung einiger Eigenschaften der Spektren aus der Quantenmechanik des Drehelektrons, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 47 (1928 [Dec. 28, 1927]), 203–220
    • E. H. Kennard, Note on Heisenberg’s Indetermination Prin ciple, Physical Review, 31 (1928 [Dec. 29, 1927), 344–348
    • J. C. Slater, “Central Fields and Rydberg Formulas in Wave Mechanics”, ibid., (1928 [December 1927]), 333–343
    • J. R. Oppenheimer, “On the Quantum Theory of the Capture of Electrons”, ibid., (1928 [December 1927]), 348–358
    • P. A. M. Dirac, The Quantum Theory of the Electron, Roy. Soc. (London), 117 (1928 [Jan. 2), 610–624
    • V. Fock, Bemerkung zur Quantelung des harmonischen Oszillators im Magnetfeld, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 47 (1928 [Jan. 12]), 446–448
    • J. H. Van Velck, The Correspondence Principle in the Sta tistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 14 (1928 [Jan. 16]), 178–188
    • K. Niesson, Über die annäharenden komplexen Lösungen der Schrödingerschen Differentialglelchung für den harmonischen Oszillator, Annalen der Physik, 85 (1928 [Jan. 21), 497–514
    • P. Jordan and E. Wigner, Über das Paulische ÄAquivalenzverbot, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 47 (1928 [Jan. 26]), 631–651
    • W. Heitler, “Zur Gruppentheorie der homöopolaren chemischen Rindung”, ibid., (1928 [Jan. 26]), 835–858
    • J. H. Van Vleck, On Dielectric Constants and Magnetic Sus ceptibilities in the New Quantum Mechanics, Part III. Appli cation to Dia-and Paramagnetism, Physical Review, 31 (1928 [Feb. 1]), 587–613
    • P. A. M. Dirac, The Quantum Theory of the Electron (part II), Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 118 (1928 [Feb. 2]), 351–361
    • J. Frenkel, Zur Wellenmechanischen Theorie des rotierenden Elektrons, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 47 (1928 [Feb. 3]), 786–803
    • J. Frenkel, “Zur Wellenmechanischen Theorie der metallischen Leitfähigkeit”, ibid., (1928 [Feb. 7]), 819–834
    • E. H. Kennard, On the Quantum Mechanics of a System of Particles, Physical Review, 31 (1928 [Feb. 10]), 876–890
    • W. Gordon, Die Energieniveaus des Wasserstoffatoms nach der Diracschen Quantentheorie des Elektrons. Zeitschrift fur Physik, 48 (1928 [Feb. 23]), 11–14
    • J. Holtsmark, “Zur Theorie der Streuung langsamer Elektronen”, ibid., (1928 [Feb. 27]), 231–243
    • C. G. Darwin, The Wave Equation of the Electron, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 118 (1928 [Mar. 6]), 654–680
    • L. Pauling, The Shared-Electron Chemical Bond, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 14 (1928 [Mar. 7]), 359–362
    • D. Iwanenko and L. Landau, Zur Theorie des magnetischen Elektrons. I, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 48 (1928 [Mar. 8]), 340–348
    • A. Ruark, The Limits of Accuracy of Physical Measurements, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 14 (1928 [Mar. 8]), 322–328
    • A. Ruark, “A Critical Experiment on the Statistical Interpre tation of Quantum Mechanics”, ibid., (1928 [Mar. 9]), 328–330
    • R. Kronlg and H. A. Kramers, Zur Theorie der Absorption und Dispersion in den Röntgengebiet, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 48 (1928 [Mar. 10]), 174–179
    • J. von Neumann, “Einige Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des relativistischen Drehelektrons”, ibid., (1928 [Mar. 15]), 868–881
    • C. Eckert, “Die Korrespondenzmässige Beziehung zwischen den Matrizen und den Formierkoeffizienten des Wasserstoff-problems”, ibid., (1928 [Mar. 16]), 295–301
    • E. Hylleraas, “Über den Grundzustand des Heliumatoms”, ibid., (1928 [Mar. 16]), 469–494
    • A. Landé, “Zu Diracs Theorie des Kreiselektron.”, ibid., (1928 [Mar. 24), 601–606
    • F. Sexl, “Bemerkung zur Quantelung des harmonischen Oscilators im Magnetfeld”, ibid., (1928 [Mar. 28]), 611–613
    • J. Frenkel, “Elementare Theorie magnetischer und elektrischer Eigenschaften der Metalle beim absoluten Nullpunkt der Temperatur”, ibid., 49 (1928), 31–45, [Mar. 30]
    • N. Bohr, Atomic Theory and Mechanics, Nature, 116 (1925), 845–852;
    • W. Heisenberg, Quantenmechanik, Naturwissenschaften, 14 (1926), 989–994 ;
    • E. Schrödinger, An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules, Physical Review, 28 (1927), 1049–1070;
    • E. Schrödinger, Abhandlungen zur Wellenmechanik, 2 Aufl. (Leipzig, Barth), 1928, 192
    • M. Born, Quantenmechanik und Statistik, Naturwissenschaf ten, 15 (1927), 238–242;
    • Louis de Brogue, La mechanique ondulatoire, (Paris, Gautier-Villard), 1928
    • Louis de Broglie and Leon Brillouin, Selected Papers on Wave Mechanics, (Glasgow, Blackie and Son), 1928
    • H. Weyl, Gruppentheorie and Quantenmechanik, (Leipzig, Hirzel), 1928; 2. Aufl., (1931)
    • N. Bohr, Atom, (Encyclopedia Brittanica, 14th ed., v. II, London), 1929
    • A. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien. Wellenmechanischer Ergän-zungsband, (Braunschweig, Vievig), 1929, 1933;
    • J. Frenkel, Einführung in die Wellenmechanik, (Berlin, Springer), 1929
    • W. Heisenberg, Die physikalischen Prinzipien der Quanten theorie, (Leipzig, Hirzel), 1930, 1932;
    • P. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, (Clarendon Press, Oxford), 1930; 2 Ed. 1935
    • M. Born and P. Jordan, Elementare Quantenmechanik, (Berlin, Springer), 193
    • Louis de Broglie, Introduction a l’etude de la mécanique on dulatoire, (Paris, Hermann), 1930, 1934;
    • E. Wigner, Gruppentheorie und ihre Anwendung auf die Quan tenmechanik der Atmospektren, (Braunschweig, Viewig), 1931
    • J. von Neumann, Mathematische Grundlagen der Quanten mechanik, (Berlin, Springer), 1932, 1964; translated from the German Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics,
    • B. L. Van der Waerden, Die gruppentheoretische Methode in der Quantenmechanik, (Berlin, Springer), 1932, 1938;
    • W. Pauli, Die allgemeinen Prinzipien der Wellenmechanik in: Handbuch der Physik, (Bd. 24, Teil 1, Berlin, Springer), 1933, 1947;
    • L. de Broglie, L’electron magnétique (Théorie de Dirac), (Paris, Hermann), 1934, 1936;
    • E. Rutherford, “Forty Years of Physics. II. The Develop ment of the Theory of Atomic Structure”, Background to Modern Science, Cambridge, II, (E. Rutherford, Trudy), 1940, 47–74 479–492
    • A. Sommerfeld, Zwanzig Jahre spektroskopischer Theorie in München, Scientia, 72 (1942), 123–130; 
    • M. Planck, Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikali-schen Wirkungsquantums, Naturwissenschaften, 31 (1943), 153–159; 
    • A. Sommerfeld, Some Reminescences of My Teaching Career, Am. J. Phys., 17 (1949), 315–317;

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  • Study Guide to anti-Semitism, 1944

    JF Ptak Science Books  Quick Post

    I found something interesting in this study guide for anti-Semitism, something that may give a little more weight to some already pretty-weighty things.  The pamphlet was written by William R. Brickman1 in 1944, and in its 26 leaves about half was devoted to what I think is the jewel of the pamphlet–an annotated bibliography–and the first half or so formulated as a study guide.

    Jewish annotated bibliogr anti-semitism_0002In the “historical background” of the guide , in the between-the-wars section, there are eleven points, including the Russian Pogroms of 1915, the Petlura massacre in the Ukraine in 1919-1920, the Iron Guard of Romania… and then the KKK, and of real interest, “Ford and the Protocols”. that was Henry Ford of course and his connection and support of the fraud and forgery Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which in 1919 when Ford sunk his teeth into it was already at least 50+ years old as a malignant conspiracy theory of no value.  Ford went on to begin his own series of articles on the “International Jew” as having led the world into WWI and who was a general scourge of the civilized world, publishing a weekly called The International Jew, which Ford published and provided content for from 1920-1927. It was vicious conspiracy pap that finally caught up to Ford in 1927 when was sued ; to escape the coming troubles he claimed that he did not know the contents of the newspaper and basically blamed the editors for the content he never saw.  By that time, the damage had been done, while Henry Ford–even after having issued an apology for having been duped by the Protocols–would later maintain that the Jews had managed to start WWII for financial gain.  So, to be one point in an eleven-point study guard leads me to believe that the Ford business was loftier in the general social consciousness than I expected.

    The other detail of note comes in the next section, “In the shadow of the war” which is only four points long, though one of them is on the growth of anti-Semitism in the U.S. (during the war). This was a little surprising in the amount of weight given it in the study guide, or at least a little surprising to me.  

    I don’t have that much to say on these topics presently as it is a long and hard road, but I did want to at least pass along the notation. 

    Notes:

    See: the Jewish Virtual Library for background on Ford and the Protocols

    1.  Published by the Jewish Coordinating Council, St. Louis, Mo. 28cm, 26 leaves, offset printed from a type original, and bound in wrappers and staple-bound at left. PROVENANCE: Library of Congress, with their surplus/duplicate stamp on the front cover. 

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