Author: JF Ptak

WWI Editorial Cartoons–More Editorials Than Cartoons (1918)

JF Ptak Science Books Post 2581

Judge magazine (1881-1947) was a U.S. satirical weekly that for several decades published insightful/devastating political cartoons of the highest caliber. (Judge was a sort of knock-off of Puck magazine, started by writers and cartoonist/artists dissatisfied with that fine journal; Judge itself was done in in the same way after a fashion–Harold Ross, who served as editor of Judge for a few months in 1924 went off and started his own magazine, The New Yorker, which slowly and then rapidly cleaved away readership and talent from Judge until Judge was no more.)

It seems to me that when leafing through a volume for 1918 that Judge published more cartoons and sketches relating to World War I than cartoons for any war that I have seen in any magazine. I’m not that familiar with Judge relative to other magazines, and was very surprised to see that nearly every page has some sort of illustrated war content. In the issue for October 12, 1918–just four weeks before the end of the war–I found this image:

It is complex and at first looks to be very layered, but I think that it turns out to be not so, that it is flat, and uni-dimensional, and not very satirical–it is however very pointed, and barbed, and makes its case very quickly, in a sort of way that makes you begin to chuckle until you realize just what the content is. The work is by artist/illustrator/designer John (Johnny) Gruelle, who in the same year introduced the world to his creation of Raggedy Ann (patenting the design a few years earlier, in 1915, https://www.google.com/patents/USD47789.)

[The Judge was located at 225 5th Avenue, the Renaissance-style 13-story building converted into condos where the active selling price is about $2,670/sq foot¹, or about 3.5 million/unit, somehow making this property worth a combined $600 million or so.]

The very next page comes this condemnation of the German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II, employing the very well worn “Ages of Man” scenario:

And just a few pages later, another interesting image, this one being another entry in this blog’s collection of images of the world used in advertising/cartoons:

There were many more war-related illustrations in these few dozen pages, with these three having the most appeal and greatest impact–pretty good stuff spread out over just two or so square yards of magazine pages.

Notes:

1. See http://streeteasy.com/building/the-grand-madison

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Maps/Diagrams of Imagination & Ideas — Militaria — World War I
Balloons I Know But Do Not Love–Deaths from Above in Ads and Bombs (Revisited)

JF Ptak Science Books Post 1771 (b) (from 2012)

In the early days of aviation aerial assault must have seemed incredible–and an abomination. Hurling stones and other offensive weapons by trebuchet and catapult is one thing, and launching balls and shot from cannons and mortars is quite another–but actually having your weapon flown over an enemy’s position and dropped, remotely or via cable, must have been ab excruciating achievement, militarily speaking. To be able to direct an explosive charge over a position not reachable by an infantry (say in 1915) must’ve been a short-lived comfort on the offensive end, though the user of such a technology would also have to contend with the contrary, as the enemy would be able to do the same thing themselves.

This idea was not limited to just military purposes. Companies could now wage an advertising war war against competitors in a thee-sky’s-the-limit campaign, hoisting their ads on balloons anchored over a city, making it possible for the first time to have your message so universally read, a pre-intertubes version of smoke signals.

[Source: Google patents, http://www.google.com/patents/US496177?dq=balloon]

And this, seeming more on the Orwellian/1984 side, or perhaps more contemporary as an instrument of the Dear Leader in North Korea (left, from Popular Mechanics, July, 1939).

Here’s an interesting, pre-airplane, airship-delivered explosive device: floated over an enemy’s position, the chord would be pulled at the desired time to create a tear in the balloon’s top, sending the craft down, with the bomb exploding on impact:

[Source: Google patents, http://www.google.com/patents/US603182?dq=balloon]

Another sort of slow death from above advertising scheme:

[Google patent: http://www.google.com/patents/US144436?dq=balloon]

In this device patented by Steinmetz the explosive device is still actually attached to the aircraft when exploded–not a very common way of delivering your weapon. The airship would advance on the enemy, with the bomb attached to a cable just above an anchor at bottom; the anchor would grapple the target, and the bomb detonated from the gondola of the airship:

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Aviation & flight — Patents — Technology, History of
A World Map of Heavy (1922)

JF Ptak Science Books Quick Post Part of the Maps/Diagrams of Imagination & Ideas series

There have been dozens of posts on this blog about odd/unusual maps, including a number in a sub-category of world maps used in advertisements. This one, for the Adolf Bleichert Company of Leipzig, showed the reach of the company’s distribution of some of their major products, like cable cars, cranes, tramways, elevators, and the components for them. The map, typeface, and general design have a heaviness to them corresponding to the very heavy metal that the company produced. The ad appeared in the August 22, 1922 issue of Illustrirte Zeitung (Leipzig), and occupied the entire cover of the news-weekly.

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Maps/Diagrams of Imagination & Ideas
On B-17s & Death–from the Other Side (Vichy France, 1943)

JF Ptak Science Books Post 2580

The U.S. bombing raid on Schweinfurt–the location of a German ball bearings complex–on October 14, 1943, was the most devastating loss of life and aircraft suffered by the USAAF to that time. In the week prior to the Schweinfurt raid there were already enormous losses, more than 90 B-27s lost in three missions. Of the 351 B-17s that started the mission on the 14th only 228 actually made it to the target–some dropping out of formation and some being shot down–at the end of it all some 60 planes came down over Europe, 5 over England, and another 17 were damaged beyond repair. Bombs were delivered to the target, though without great success, the factory being up and running again after a few weeks. It was a disaster.

The Nazis working no doubt through the Vichy regime in France produced a quick little pamphlet on the raid, Les Cercueils Volants de l’Amerique, a play on words, working the “Flying Fortress” into the “Flying Coffins”. In 1943 the Lutftwaffe was still formidable, though that would not last for much longer, the Allies gaining more-or-less uncontested control of the skies by Overlord, though with Schweinfurt (which translates to “Pig Crossing” or Pig Ford” or something along those lines) more than 300 were sent aloft. In any event the Nazis sought to make good use of the disaster for their French readers.

There are a number of pictures at the centerfold depicting dead and maimed U.S. fliers, and a lot of words about how much it will take to replace the aircraft, and the crews, and the bombs that were “wasted”, and so on. And that the German resistance to Allied bombing raids were making inroads and will eventually save the day. They were wrong of course, what with the astonishing industrial base in the U.S., and the state of the dying Nazi war machine. (After everything was said and done, Schweinfurt was bombed 22 times during the war, receiving something like 590,000 bombs; there seems to have been no real effect on the important production of ball bearings, and for whatever reason the German military seems not to have been in desperate need of them at any point. The town of course was decimated, and a thousand or so civilians were killed, but ball bearing production seems to have not been affected, overly.) It is a nasty little pamphlet. [Evidently this is a rare work–only one copy is located in WorldCat, at the Bibliotheque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine Nanterre. I should probably reproduce the whole thing right here, but some of the images are pretty disturbing…maybe I’ll do it later.]

Also: the page at upper right claims different numbers of planes shot down (121) as well as aviators killed (1300) but that is the job of propaganda. That, or they just got it wrong. The reports from the gunners on the B-17s recorded many times the number of Luftwaffe planes shot down than actually were–this could be due to several/many gunners shooting the same plane, and so on.

Notes:

Years ago on this blog I wrote a short piece on the bombing of Great Britain as reported in the Illustrirte Zeitung–it is worth a look. https://historyofideasblog.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/03/bombing-england.html

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Aviation & flight — Propaganda
The Great Green Eye and l’Espirit Humaine (1938)

JF Ptak Science Books Quick Post

The author of this attractive (looking) pamphlet seems an interesting man, and evidently was a busy and highly productive popularizer of science. I don’t know his work at all, but looking at some of his books tells me that he was on the scene early and often for several technological breakthroughs. For example, he has several works on the bicycle (Cyclisme théorique et pratique,1892, Les recettes et procédés vélocipédiques 1893, Suivis de l’Art de la bicyclette, 1894); plus a very early book on the automobile, (L’Automobile théorique et pratique and Traité élémentaire de locomotion à moteur mécanique,1893, followed by L’Automobile théorique et pratique II, Voitures à pétrole, 1899); and then another early book on the aeroplane (Éléments de locomotion aérienne,‎ 1907).

This nicely-designed pamphlet with the provocative cover (the work of “Kramer” in 1938) seems though to have strayed from the mark, resting for a while on the slim shoulders of popular interest in a person’s interpretation of symbols and what they revealed about the viewer, for the “formule de l’espirit humain”. The book is arranged well, and has a dictionary of sorts of what people saw in Rorschach-like inkblots and what those interpreted images meant. Ah, well, the cover is great, and one does not often see a big green eye on a tall French pamphlet, and so the cover design is good enough for me, soft&squishy contents or not. That said there are some interesting section headers, like “Do Not Confuse Messages and Beliefs” and “Good or bad, not everything is lost”.

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Books–Great Cover Art
Wood, Metal, Cubes, and Words: a Few Story-Machines since Gulliver’s Travels

JF Ptak Science Books   Post 2579

Over time I’ve encountered a number of ventures into the future of the future in which writing has become an automated or semi-automated activity, in their antiquarian constructions being made of wood and metal rather than nanobots and biological bits. A famous example is viewed by Jonathan Swift’s Lemuel Gulliver in Laputa, where he finds a conversation machine, a vast assembly of word cubes set in a 400 square foot frame manipulated by 40 cranks and 40 handles and run by 40 philosophical operators. There was also the thinking machine of Raymond Lull (of many different spellings) that was so beautifully address by Jorges Borges (“‘Ramon Lull’s Thinking Machine’ in The total library: non-fiction 1922-1986, on pp 155-160), and numerous others, some becoming steam-driven by the time of the early 19th century, and them others computer-inspired as we get into the Asimov-age.

I was moved to comment on this by a good reference made by Jennifer Ouellette (senior science editor at Gizmodo) to an article by a Gizmodo writer, Anna Green, on Arthur F. Blanchard’s (1865-1953) random story generator patent of 1916. It is an interesting and lovely thing, lots of words of lots of rollers all working in combination to help formulate a struggling idea in the mind of a writer. Well, actually, Blanchard writes in his patent description that it was an aid to movie writers, specifically, a kind of idea machine that would help folks with insight into creating a story for a 16-minute tale. Of course the story might have been a little more interesting had Blanchard made the claim that his ideas for this machine were the product of a similar machine that was lashed together for the production of technical ideas.

In this same line of roller-and-paper idea generator I formulated a simple but distinctive device for creating the More Deconstructionist You in “Greasing the Turtle Stack: Derrida’s 10-Second Sentence-Generating Machine” (here)–this would be a fun little generator to make if the outcome wasn’t so useless and pointless, so best leave it as a two-beer bar stool idea.

Blanchard’s idea seems to be one of the early appearances of word-generators on rollers/cards found in the collection of the U.S. Patent Office. And so the “Movie Writer” of Albert Blanchard:

[Source: U.S. patent US1198401, 23 October 1915, 19 Sep 1916, Arthur F Blanchard, Movie-writer at Google Patents ]

Later on, the idea–still tried and true, or at least so on paper–came this for the “Educational Game Apparatus”, which was intended again as a spark for creative writing:

[Source: U.S. Patent US4021937, 2 Sep 1973, 10 May1977, Margery Dena Kravitz, “Educational game apparatus”]

Still later was this word-o-paper-arranger “Teaching method apparatus”, a card-based bit that helps jostle ideas by presenting semi-random words to help the student create stories around them:

[ Source: U.S. patent US4445869    Nov 9, 1981   May 1, 1984, Wasserman Myrna D., “Teaching method and apparatus”.]

The “Name Selector” is a simple version of some of what we see above:

[Source: U.S. Patent, US2425197 A   Aug 5, 1947, Rosa Montague Henrietta,   Aug 5, 1947   Name selector]

No doubt there are more of these patents using this idea of single-words-on-bit-of-paper, but this should do for now..

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Anticipation, History of — Technology, History of
The Found Poetry of Gustav Eiffel’s Labor Relations (1888)

JF Ptak Science Books

[Source; http://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/e/data/L/158-002l.html]

This is another in an uncertain series on Found Poetry (a cousin to the Found Book Art series), with this fragment found in the history of technology/labor relations category. IT seems that in the early and problematic history of the remarkable Eiffel Tower, M. Gustave Eiffel had a few problems with his workers constructing the tower. Soon after a three-day negotiating session ending the strike of September 19, 1888 (in which workers asked for a four-cent per hour pay increase and where Eiffel slowly met their demands but parsing the raise out one center per month for four months) there was another attempt at a strike, just before Christmas of the same year. One of the demands floated by Eiffel et C^iewas that the workers engaged in the construction at greater heights should receive a higher pay, what with the rain and wind and the possibility of a fatal trip-and-fall. Eiffel responded with the following efficient answer, set here to some sort of metre:

The professional risks remained

the same

whether a man fell from 40 meters

or from 300 meters,

the results were the same–

certain death.¹

This was a winning argument, and kept his workers working without compensation for working at a higher height, and the tower’s completion on schedule.

Notes:

1. Eiffel’s Tower, by Jill Jones, Penguin, 2009, pg 49.

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Social History
On the Heightiest Heights of Traffic Height

JF Ptak Science Books Quick Post

I found this fabulous map of concentrations of U.S.A. (1944) traffic flow somewhere in the hinterlands. When I started to research its origin I found that the background and story of the map and its source is dealt splendidly by Eric Fischer in a 26-photo Flickr set here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/albums/72157632238833323

[Source: Interregional Highways: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Report of the National Interregional Highway Committee, Outlining and Recommending a National System of Interregional Highways, January 12, 1944.]

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Information, Quantitative Display of — Maps, Cartography, History of Mapmaking — Maps/Diagrams of Imagination & Ideas
When the Catcher’s Mitt Was a Cage (1904)

JF Ptak Science Books Quick Post

In the history of baseball gloves–better still, in the history of the catcher’s mitt–there are few ideas that are as singular as the glove/mitt that isn’t a glove, or a mitt. This was the patent report of the invention of J.E. Bennett in 1904, which proposed to replace the mitt with a cage. The cage offered a receiving area easily double the size of a catcher’s mitt, with padding at the back of the cage to cushion the capture of the pitched ball, after which the ball would somehow be collected and deposited via that pipe. I’m not sure what the catcher would do with pitched balls that were low, or high, but the cage certainly did not have any real versatility, particularly when comparing it to a real glove. It seems as though this idea didn’t go far, and that was a good thing.

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/gallery/2015/may/14/imagining-the-future-turn-of-the-century-us-patents-in-pictures

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Bad Ideas — Daily Dose from Dr. Odd — Patents
The Eloquence of Baseball (Games), 1904
JF Ptak Science Books Quick Post

Baseball season is either here or almost here, so picking around in old patents on baseball games in December is perfectly allowable. This game (found at Google Patents) probably has more text on it than just about any game of any sort I’ve ever seen (and that may actually include Scrabble), and its lazy-staccato descriptions of the “play” are really quite lovely for a board game¹. For example:
- “too hot for the right fielder’s hands”
- “a hot one caught”
- “2nd baseman not fast enough”
- “fine running catch” and “beautiful running catch” and “pretty left hand catch”
- “good stop, poor throw”
- “would have been a 3-bagger but for the fast fielding by the right fielder”
- “slow work and wild throw”
- “fly muffed”
[Source: https://www.google.com/patents/US772344?dq=catcher+baseball&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz0–e5L7JAhXK7CYKHWt_CPwQ6wEIVjAI]

Notes:

1. I haven’t read many books on sports in my reading history, but from what I have seen over the years is that baseball literature is good enough to have its own genre. If you’re going to read only one or two baseball books in your life, consider one of these: Roger Kahn, The Boys of Summer (1972); Eliot Asinof, Eight Men Out: The Black Sox and the 1919 World Series (1965); Jimmy Breslin, Can’t Anybody Here Play This Game? (1963); Robert Creamer, Babe: The Legend Comes to Life (1974); Arnold Hano, A Day in the Bleachers (1955); Donald Honig, Baseball When the Grass Was Real: Baseball from the Twenties to the Forties, Told by the Men Who Played It (1975); Bernard Malamud, The Natural, (1952).
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Brevity and Complexity — Patents